Abstract: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder due to the pancreatic β cell damage with pancreatic inflammation and insulin resistance. For a long time, patients must inject insulin for treatment. Along with advanced development about type 1 diabetes, prevention and early diagnosis of diabetes become possible. This review summarizes the clinical and preclinical stagesintype 1 diabetes vaccine research as well as the recent researches about major biological targets, such as autoantigens or relevant monoclonal antibody and cytokines, respectively.