Abstract: Oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis plays a vital role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, while at present its regulation pathways mainly include the NF-κB pathway, p53 pathway, MAPK pathway, PI3K/Akt pathway, Nrf2 pathway, as well as other signaling pathways. Research findings suggest that the active components in Chinese materia medica exert significant biological activities in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. In the present paper, we review the recent research advances on the relative mechanisms of active components in Chinese materia medica against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis, so as to provide some references or clues for the clarification of possible mechanisms of active components in Chinese materia medica and the treatment of related neurodegenerative diseases.