Abstract: Recent advances in immunology and genetics have verified that the innate immune and adaptive immune responses that mediated by T cells, have been considered to play an important role in inducing inflammatory bowel disease. It’s difficult to cure the disease due to the complexity of the disease. However, the development and application of medicine, which target the immune response in the colon, attract great attention in recent years. In present, there are two types of targeting drugs in the intestinal immune systems: one of them targets the intestinal innate immune system, which includes targeting signal transduction, signal molecule and lymphocytes while the other targets adaptive immune system that includes inhibition of intenstinal T cell activation, differentiation and regulation of T cell cytokines and balance of T cell. This article mainly gives a comprehensive overview in four aspects, which include the intestinal innate immune response, adaptive immune response, drugs targeting in the intestinal innate and adaptive immune response. Furthermore, research directions are also pointed out in the review.