Abstract: Dysfunctional learning and memorization ability as well as emotion exist in multiple central nervous diseases, which are disastrous to patients and their family. Reports indicate that neuro-inflammation is involved in various central nervous diseases; additionally, it participates in the regulation of learning and memorization ability as well as emotion. This article reviews data on several human diseases of animal model and clinical researches and discusses the relationship between neuro-inflammation and cognitive function. Some therapeutic researches targeting neuro-inflammation to improve neurological diseases are also summarized, with an attempt to provide inspiration and advice for the to development of drugs for diseases alike.