Abstract: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease which mediated by the immune system of the arterial wall. Specific and non-specific immune systems of arterial wall showed positive immunore action with many endogenous and exogenous antigens.Studies have shown that the immune system promotes atherosclerosis on the one hand and delays atherosclerosis on the other. Therefore,the progress of atherosclerosis can be regulated through activating immune regulation. In this review,the double effects of specific and non-specific immune systems on the process of atherosclerosis were discussed. The studies of those antigen which have been made into vaccines and successfully delayed the process of atherosclerosis in laboratory models were introduced. And the prospects and challenges for future clinical application of atherosclerosis vaccines were discussed in this review.