Abstract: mRNA vaccine delivers antigen-encoding mRNA into human cells, which translates into corresponding antigen proteins in cells, and induce effective immune responses. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines have good safety profile, short development cycle, and high immune efficacy, and can stimulate both cellular immune response and humoral immune response. With the development of nucleotide modification technology and delivery technology, mRNA vaccines also have broad application prospects. This paper reviews mRNA technology and its application in vaccines, in the hope of offering theoretical and practical insights to researchers engaged or to be engaged in the development of mRNA vaccines.