摘要
蛋白质组学是近年来兴起的研究各种疾病的最前沿领域和热点之一,蛋白组学的发展为糖尿病早期诊断及治疗提供了新的研究方向并取得一定的研究成果,糖尿病早期诊断有助于控制患者的病情发展甚至免于手术治疗,对于改善患者预后具有重要意义。本文从蛋白质组学研究技术及其在糖尿病及并发症中应用的现状和前景进行了总结,就蛋白质组学的快速发展对糖尿病研究的影响以及在发现更多糖尿病生物标志物方面的积极作用进行了展望,未来的研究应更加注重发现生物标志物之间的相互联系,为糖尿病及其并发症的诊断与治疗提供新的思路。
蛋白质组学本质是在大规模水平上对蛋白质进行研究,包括蛋白质表达、翻译后修饰、蛋白质间相互作用
目前研究蛋白质组学主要的方法包括双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)、同位素亲和标签(SID-MRM)、半定量多反应监测(SQ-MRM)和生物信息学技术等,其中最常用的是双向凝胶电泳和高效液相色谱法。双向凝胶电泳是一种多功能的基于凝胶的技术,可以对蛋白质进行定性和定量分析。通过凝胶图像分析显示不同样品或条件之间差异表达的斑点,结合质谱则可以进一步识别所选斑点中存在的蛋白质从而实现对蛋白质的鉴

图1 蛋白质组学双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)检测示意图
1型糖尿病(T1D)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,是由胰岛β细胞,免疫系统和遗传易感个体的外部环境之间复杂的相互作用引起
目前,在临床症状发作前用于预测是否有患T1D风险的最佳方法是测量胰岛细胞抗原的自身抗
Huth
近年来的研究表明,T1D的发生与人类肠道病毒尤其是柯萨奇B组病毒(group B Coxsackie viruses, CVB)的感染关系密切。Lietzén
糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是由糖尿病引起的常见微血管并发症,这种病症是血管起源的,其特征是视网膜缺血以及血管通透性增加,是成人T1D患者视力损害和丧失的主要原因,它在一定程度上最终影响超过90%的糖尿病患
糖尿病肾病(DN)是由于糖尿病影响体内葡萄糖平衡而引起的严重并发
现已有多种研究蛋白质组学的方法用于DN诊断,如2-DE、LC-MS/MS、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱、蛋白质微阵列和芯片上的微流体技术

图2 糖尿病患者(DM)与健康受试者(HV)蛋白差异鉴定韦恩图
心血管疾病包括糖尿病心肌病、心血管自主神经病变、高血压以及冠状动脉心脏病变等致使超过10%的T1DM患者在40岁之前死
糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)是糖尿病常见的微血管并发症,能够增加溃疡和下肢截肢的风险,并对生活质量产生严重的影
3.2.5 妊娠期糖尿病(GDM) 妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是指妊娠期出现的血糖异常,作为产科常见孕期合并症之一,其对于母婴均有严重的不利影
蛋白质组学为生命科学的许多研究领域开辟了新的视野,成为近年来兴起的研究热点,也为糖尿病的临床研究提供了强有力的工具,展现出广阔的应用前景。相信在未来几年中,随着精准医疗的加入,可以使糖尿病的控制更加有效,从而有希望预防其并发症和改善糖尿病患者的生活质
参考文献
Mauvoisin D. Circadian rhythms and proteomics: it's all about posttranslational modifications[J]. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med, 2019, 11(5): e1450. [百度学术]
Vaudel M, Barsnes H, Ræder H, et al. Using proteomics bioinformatics tools and resources in proteogenomic studies[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2016, 926: 65-75. [百度学术]
Joubert R, Strub JM, Zugmeyer S, et al. Identification by mass spectrometry of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-separated proteins extracted from lager brewing yeast[J]. Electrophoresis, 2001, 22(14): 2969-2982. [百度学术]
Chen GD, Pramanik BN. Application of LC/MS to proteomics studies: current status and future prospects[J]. Drug Discov Today, 2009, 14(9/10): 465-471. [百度学术]
Csösz, Deák E, Kalló G, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: proteomic approaches to help the differential diagnosis and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms[J]. J Proteomics, 2017, 150: 351-358. [百度学术]
Haythorne E, Rohm M, van de Bunt M, et al. Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells[J]. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 2474. [百度学术]
Mohan V, Radha V. Precision diabetes is slowly becoming a reality[J]. Med Princ Pract, 2019, 28(1): 1-9. [百度学术]
Wang Y, An HY, Liu T, et al. Metformin improves mitochondrial respiratory activity through activation of AMPK[J]. Cell Rep, 2019, 29(6): 1511-1523.e5. [百度学术]
Khan RMM, Chua ZJY, Tan JC, et al. From pre-diabetes to diabetes: diagnosis, treatments and translational research[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2019, 55(9): E546. [百度学术]
Metz TO, Qian WJ, Jacobs JM, et al. Application of proteomics in the discovery of candidate protein biomarkers in a diabetes autoantibody standardization program sample subset[J]. J Proteome Res, 2008, 7(2): 698-707. [百度学术]
Zhang QB, Fillmore TL, Schepmoes AA, et al. Serum proteomics reveals systemic dysregulation of innate immunity in type 1 diabetes[J]. J Exp Med, 2013, 210(1): 191-203. [百度学术]
Soggiu A, Piras C, Bonizzi L, et al. A discovery-phase urine proteomics investigation in type 1 diabetes[J]. Acta Diabetol, 2012, 49(6): 453-464. [百度学术]
Huth C, von Toerne C, Schederecker F, et al. Protein markers and risk of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a targeted proteomics approach in the Kora F4/FF4 study[J]. Eur J Epidemiol, 2019, 34(4): 409-422. [百度学术]
Lietzén N, Hirvonen K, Honkimaa A, et al. Coxsackievirus B persistence modifies the proteome and the secretome of pancreatic ductal cells[J]. iScience, 2019, 19: 340-357. [百度学术]
Lutty GA. Effects of diabetes on the eye[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2013, 54(14): ORSF81. [百度学术]
Rangasamy S, McGuire PG, Das A. Diabetic retinopathy and inflammation: novel therapeutic targets[J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2012, 19(1): 52-59. [百度学术]
Whitehead M, Osborne A, Widdowson PS, et al. Angiopoietins in diabetic retinopathy: current understanding and therapeutic potential[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2019, 2019: 5140521. [百度学术]
Jin J, Min H, Kim SJ, et al. Development of diagnostic biomarkers for detecting diabetic retinopathy at early stages using quantitative proteomics[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2016, 2016: 6571976. [百度学术]
Torok Z, Peto T, Csosz E, et al. Tear fluid proteomics multimarkers for diabetic retinopathy screening[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2013, 13(1): 40. [百度学术]
Hirao Y, Saito S, Fujinaka H, et al. Proteome profiling of diabetic mellitus patient urine for discovery of biomarkers by comprehensive MS-based proteomics[J]. Proteomes, 2018, 6(1): E9. [百度学术]
Campion CG, Sanchez-Ferras O, Batchu SN. Potential role of serum and urinary biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic nephropathy[J]. Can J Kidney Health Dis, 2017, 4: 2054358117705371. [百度学术]
Yoon JJ, Park JH, Kim HJ, et al. Dianthus superbus improves glomerular fibrosis and renal dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy model[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11(3): E553. [百度学术]
Thippakorn C, Schaduangrat N, Nantasenamat C. Proteomic and bioinformatic discovery of biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy[J]. EXCLI J, 2018, 17: 312-330. [百度学术]
de Boer IH, Rue TC, Cleary PA, et al. Long-term renal outcomes of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: an analysis of the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications cohort[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2011, 171(5): 412-420. [百度学术]
Son MK, Yoo HY, Kwak BO, et al. Regression and progression of microalbuminuria in adolescents with childhood onset diabetes mellitus[J]. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 20(1): 13-20. [百度学术]
van JA, Scholey JW, Konvalinka A. Insights into diabetic kidney disease using urinary proteomics and bioinformatics[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2017, 28(4): 1050-1061. [百度学术]
Moresco RN, de Carvalho JAM. Applying proteomics to diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease[J]. Expert Rev Proteomics, 2017, 14(10): 841-843. [百度学术]
Harpole M, Davis J, Espina V. Current state of the art for enhancing urine biomarker discovery[J]. Expert Rev Proteomics, 2016, 13(6): 609-626. [百度学术]
Papale M, di Paolo S, Vocino G, et al. Proteomics and diabetic nephropathy: what have we learned from a decade of clinical proteomics studies[J]? J Nephrol, 2014, 27(3): 221-228. [百度学术]
Wende AR. Post-translational modifications of the cardiac proteome in diabetes and heart failure[J]. Proteomics Clin Appl, 2016, 10(1): 25-38. [百度学术]
Dewey S, Sohal M, Gomes AV. Proteomic analysis of Akita mice reveals 9 proteins altered during early stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy[J]. Biophys J, 2013, 104(2): 313a-314a. [百度学术]
Pai YW, Lin CH, Lin SY, et al. Reconfirmation of newly discovered risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a case-control study[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(7): e0220175. [百度学术]
Hosseini A, Abdollahi M. Diabetic neuropathy and oxidative stress: therapeutic perspectives[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2013, 2013: 168039. [百度学术]
Zhang TJ, Gao YB, Gong YB, et al. Tang-Luo-ning improves mitochondrial antioxidase activity in dorsal root Ganglia of diabetic rats: a proteomics study[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2017, 2017: 8176089. [百度学术]
Singh A, Subramani E, Datta Ray C, et al. Proteomic-driven biomarker discovery in gestational diabetes mellitus: a review[J]. J Proteomics, 2015, 127(Pt A): 44-49. [百度学术]
Kim SM, Park JS, Norwitz ER, et al. Identification of proteomic biomarkers in maternal plasma in the early second trimester that predict the subsequent development of gestational diabetes[J]. Reprod Sci, 2012, 19(2): 202-209. [百度学术]
Seyhan AA, Carini C. Are innovation and new technologies in precision medicine paving a new era in patients centric care [J]?J Transl Med, 2019, 17(1): 114. [百度学术]
Vitzthum F, Behrens F, Anderson NL, et al. Proteomics: from basic research to diagnostic application. A review of requirements & needs[J]. J Proteome Res, 2005, 4(4): 1086-1097. [百度学术]
Colhoun HM, Marcovecchio ML. Biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease[J]. Diabetologia, 2018, 61(5): 996-1011. [百度学术]