摘要
随着药物化学和有机化学的发展, 越来越多经典的和非经典的生物电子等排体被运用到新药的设计中。近几年来,双环[1.1.1]戊烷基团(BCP)作为苯环、叔丁基和炔烃的生物电子等排体越来越受到药物化学家和有机化学家们的广泛关注。本文综述了BCP在药物设计中的应用,旨在为新药研究人员提供参考。
关键词
生物电子等排是指将化合物结构中的某些原子或基团,用其外层电子总数相等(同价)或在体积、形状、构象、电子分布、脂水分配系数、pKa,化学反应性和氢键形成能力等重要参数上存在相似性的原子或基团进行替换,从而产生新化合物的一种方
近年来,BCP作为生物电子等排体在药物设计中已经得到了广泛的应用。其应用主要分为3

Figure 1 Application and classification of bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane (BCP) as a bioisostere in drug design
苯环是有机化学中最基本的结构元素之一,并且广泛的存在于各种生物活性分子及天然产物当中。然而,随着分子结构中苯环数目的增加,其水溶性变差,毒性也随之增

Figure 2 Comparison between BCP skeleton and 1,4-disubstituted benzene ring
1996年,Pellicciari

Figure 3 Comparison between compound 1 and 2
2006年,Pellicciari课题组又成功地将BCP结构应用于选择性代谢型谷氨酸受体激动剂的结构优化

Figure 4 Comparison between compound 3 and 4
2012年,Stepan

Figure 5 Comparison between compound 5 and 6
伊马替尼是治疗白血病的一个“明星”药物。2016年,Nicolaou

Figure 6 Comparison between compound 7 and 8
2016年,研究人员应用BCP结构对Wtn抑制剂9进行结构改

Figure 7 Comparison between compound 9 and 10
Darapladib(11)是一种有效的治疗动脉粥样硬化的脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)抑制剂,目前正处于临床试验阶段。2017年,Measom

Figure 8 Comparison between compound 11 and 12
白藜芦醇(13)是一种具有抗氧化、抗糖尿病和抗肿瘤活性的天然产物。然而其生物利用度太差,特别是在口服吸收之后,血药浓度很低。为了改善白藜芦醇的药代动力学特征,Goh

Figure 9 Comparison between compound 13 and 14
吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)是色氨酸代谢的关键酶,其在多种肿瘤细胞中过度表达,是肿瘤免疫治疗的一个重要靶点。近年来,IDO1抑制剂的研究得到了广泛关注。其中默克公司的科学家通过高通量筛选的方法得到了一个活性优异的苗头化合物15。然而由于苯甲酰胺易于水解,导致化合物15代谢稳定性较差。为此,Pu

Figure 10 Comparison between compound 15 and 16
当用饱和的烷基作为生物电子等排体取代生物活性化合物中的苯环时,需要考虑下列几个因素。首先,这种替代物有可能增加化合物的代谢稳定性和水溶性。例如,含有苯酚和苯胺的衍生物在体内因易被细胞色素P450快速氧化成1,4-苯醌,因而被认为代谢稳定性
2017年,Auberson

Figure 11 Comparison between benzene ring, BCP, cubane and BCO
虽然用饱和的烷基取代生物活性分子中的苯环对活性和选择性的影响很难预测(

Figure 12 Effect of substituting benzene with saturated alkyl on activity and selectivity in bioactive moleculeA, C: Importance of linker length; B: Importance of aryl-protein (cation-π, π-π, dipole-π) interactions
BCP作为炔基的生物电子等排体也有应用,因为炔基比苯环的长度更接近BCP。2017年,Makarov

Figure 13 Comparison between compound 17 and 18
叔丁基是药物分子中一种常见的空间位阻较大的取代基,然而当向感兴趣的分子骨架中引入叔丁基时却往往会使化合物的脂溶性提高以及代谢稳定性降
1993年,Barbachyn

Figure 14 Design of compound 21
2015年,Westphal

Figure 15 Comparison between compound 22 & 23, 24 & 25
辉瑞公司通过高通量筛选发现了一类新的热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)拮抗剂,并对其进行了构效研

Figure 16 Examples of novel bioactive compounds with a BCP moiety
到目前为止,BCP骨架作为1,4-二取代苯环的生物电子等排体的应用最为广泛。而其作为炔基和叔丁基的生物电子等排体的应用却屈指可数,所以在未来还有很多研究的空间。总体而言,将BCP引入药物分子当中可以极大地提高化合物的被动渗透性、水溶性和代谢稳定性等。但是对于生物活性而言,还需要综合考虑替换基团的具体作用。
近年来,BCP作为1,4-二取代苯环、1,2-二取代炔基和叔丁基的生物电子等排体在药物设计中已经得到了广泛的应用。越来越多的化合物专利中,已经将该结构纳入了保护的范围。与此同时,BCP衍生物合成方法的开发也如火如荼地进行着,并已经取得了非常显著的进展。可以预见,随着时间的沉淀,会有含BCP结构的药物成功上市并造福人类。
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