摘要
双环[1.1.1]戊烷(BCP)是一种具有三维立体结构的桥环骨架,其作为苯环、叔丁基和炔烃的生物电子等排体,已经在药物化学领域得到广泛的应用。随着BCP应用范围的扩大,BCP及其衍生物的合成日益成为研究的热点。本文对BCP衍生物的主要合成策略和方法进行总结,旨在为新药研发人员提供参考。
关键词
双环[1.1.1]戊烷(BCP)是一种具有三维立体结构的桥环骨架,其作为苯环、叔丁基和炔烃的生物电子等排体,已经在药物化学领域得到广泛的应
自1964年,Wiberg
双环[1.1.0]丁烷的插碳反应是合成BCP衍生物最早的方法之一,由Wiberg

Figure 1 Synthetic route of compound 2 (A) and compound 6 (B)
目前,该方法主要应用于2-取代BCP衍生物的合成当中。例如,Ma

Figure 2 Synthesis of difluoro-substituted bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanes
[1.1.1]螺浆烷的开环反应是合成BCP衍生物应用最为广泛的方法。[1.1.1]螺浆烷具有很大的环张
1982年Wiberg

Figure 3 Synthetic route of [1.1.1] propellane
自由基介导的[1.1.1]螺浆烷开环反应一直以来是人们研究的热点。相关研究表
2018年,Caputo

Figure 4 Synthesis of BCP analogues via triethylborane-initiated radical addition A:Synthesis of highly functionalized 1-halo 3-substituted BCP derivatives; B:BCP iodide functionalization
2019年,Nugent

Figure 5 Photoredox-catalyzed radical reaction of organic halides with [1.1.1] propellane
2021年,Shin

Figure 6 Strain-release aminopyridylation of [1.1.1] propellane
2021年,Wong

Figure 7 Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of α-chiral BCPs
2020年,Kondo

Figure 8 UV-initiated silaboration of [1.1.1] propellane and further applicationsA: UV-initiated silaboration of [1.1.1] propellane; B: Transformation of C-B bond on BCP scaffold
2017年,Kanazawa

Figure 9 Iron(II)-catalyzed multicomponent carboamination of [1.1.1] propellane
2020年,Kim

Figure 10 Visible-light-mediated strain-release multicomponent reaction of [1.1.1] propellane with electrophilic nitrogen-radicals
2020年,Zhang

Figure 11 Dual photoredox/coppercatalyzed three-component radical coupling of [1.1.1] propellane
虽然在大多数的情况下,[1.1.1]螺浆烷的自由基开环反应都可以得到理想的反应结果,但是该方法仍存在着一些局限性,例如反应条件要求严格,为了避免产生低聚物,需要严格控制反应的温度和浓

Figure 12 Side reaction in the reactions of [1.1.1] propellane with free radicals
1990年,Della

Figure 13 Addition of t-butyllithium to [l.l.l] propellane
格氏试剂介导的[1.1.1]螺浆烷的开环反应相比有机锂试剂而言较为困难。2000年,Messner

Figure 14 Addition of Grignard reagents to [l.l.l] propellane
2016年,Baran课题

Figure15 Turbo-amide enabled ring opening of [1.1.1] propellane to access mono-substituted bicyclo [1.1.1] pentylamines
2018年,Shelp

Figure 16 Reactions of 2-aryl-1, 3-dithianes and [1.1.1] propellane
亲电试剂与[1.1.1]螺浆烷的反应特别的迅速,一般会生成四元开环产物。这是因为BCP阳离子中间体不稳定,很容易发生重排反应。但是,Wiberg

Figure 17 Reactions of [1.1.1] propellane with cationic species
2020年,Garlets

Figure 18 Enantioselective C–H functionalization of bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanes
2020年,Zhao

Figure 19 Synthesis of 1, 2-difunctionalized bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanes A: Preparation of diverse 1,2-difunctionalized bicyclo [1.1.1] pentane building block; B: Preparation of 1-dialkylamino-2-alkylbicyclo-[1.1.1] pentanes
总之,BCP衍生物的合成已经取得了很大的进展,特别是[1.1.1]螺浆烷开环反应的开发,极大地推动了BCP结构在药物化学中的应用。然而不可否认,目前的合成方法仍然存在着底物适用性差、反应条件苛刻等缺陷。未来,研究人员可以将一些新兴的技术方法(如电化学等)应用到BCP衍生物的合成当中。此外,如何从现有的BCP分子砌块出发,构建结构复杂的BCP衍生物也值得进一步关注。
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