摘要
T细胞激活抑制物免疫球蛋白可变区结构域(VISTA)是维持T细胞和髓系细胞稳态的B7家族成员。在体外和体内试验中,阻断VISTA能抑制肿瘤发展,是肿瘤联合免疫治疗的重要靶点。本文介绍了免疫检查点(ICIs)VISTA的结构特征以及在肿瘤微环境中的表达和生物学功能,总结了目前靶向VISTA的小分子抑制剂和中和抗体的最新研究现状,对目前的研究方法进行了讨论,旨在为VISTA后续研究和相关免疫检查点抗肿瘤药物研发提供理论参考。
肿瘤可以利用免疫逃逸机制来绕过免疫监视,包括诱导免疫抑制微环境和抑制肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中效应T细胞的功
随着细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4(CTLA‐4)的阻断抗体Ipilimumab和程序性死亡蛋白-1(PD‐1)的两种阻断抗体Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab在临床治疗中展示出显著的疗
VISTA,又称PD-1H、B7-H5、Dies1、Gi24、DD1α和C10orf54,是由人的VSIR基因编码(小鼠由Vsir基因编码)的Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白。2011年Noelle
体外实验发现,在给予抗CD3抗体刺激情况下,人源和鼠源的VISTA-免疫球蛋白融合蛋白(VISTA-Ig)抑制T细胞的激活、增殖和细胞因子的产
对人源VISTA进行结构分析,蛋白全长含有279个氨基酸,由单个N末端免疫球蛋白V样结构域(IgV)、茎状区域、跨膜区域和胞内端组成,与鼠源VISTA氨基酸序列有77%相似性。人源VISTA蛋白全长具有CD28超家族的成员PD-1、CD28和CTLA-4的特征,其中与PD-1的相似性最高。其C末端含有3个酪氨酸激酶同源3结构域(Src homology domain 3,SH3)结合基序(PxxP)和一个酪氨酸激酶同源2结构域(Src homology domain 2, SH2)结合基序(YxxQ),可以作为受体,以类似于PD-1的方式向表达VISTA的细胞发出信
与蛋白全长不同,Mehta

图1 VISTA-ECD晶体结构(PDB: 6U6V)
VISTA-ECD含有10条β链(A-H,A′和C′)和3条α螺旋,其中红色部分为长而迂回的C-C′环
目前,研究人员报道了人源VISTA与两个潜在配体相互作用后均产生免疫抑制功能,分别为VSIG-3(V-set and Ig domain-containing 3)即免疫球蛋白超家族11(Ig superfamily member 11,IGSF-11
2017年,通过对人源单跨膜蛋白库进行高通量筛选,Yang
肿瘤微环境在肿瘤发展、免疫逃逸和耐药中发挥重要作用。其构成复杂,由肿瘤细胞及其周围的基质细胞、血管内皮细胞、免疫细胞、相关分泌因子和细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)等组

图2 肿瘤微环境(TME)中VISTA的表达和相互作
A:在TME中,VISTA在髓系来源的抑制细胞(MDSCs),肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)和肿瘤细胞上均有表达;B:VISTA与VSIG3/PSGL-1在不同细胞上的相互作用
在大多数人类癌症和小鼠模型中,VISTA主要在TME的免疫细胞上表达,且在髓系细胞中的表达高于淋巴细
在小鼠胸腺中,VISTA在CD
相关研究表明,VISTA蛋白在免疫抑制性肿瘤浸润性白细胞上的表达明显上调,如抑制性FoxP
虽然VISTA通常在免疫细胞中更普遍,但一些研究也显示其在人的非小细胞肺癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌的肿瘤细胞或细胞系上均有表达。在小鼠肿瘤细胞系上的表达则十分罕
作为抑制性配体,Rosenbaum
在卵巢癌等几种特定癌症类型中,VISTA在肿瘤细胞上的高表达与良好预后密切相关,表明VISTA也可能作为共刺激分子发挥作用,但机制尚不明确。在癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)的肿瘤类型中,人VISTA在上皮样间皮瘤中表达最高。在该种肿瘤患者中,VISTA高表达与较好的临床预后相关,而PD-L1与较差的预后相
除在免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞外,卵巢
肿瘤微环境非常复杂,多种因素都可以影响VISTA的表达,目前对缺氧和酸性环境的研究较为透彻。TME中增生的肿瘤细胞引起的耗氧量和扩散量的增加,氧输送减少,造成缺氧。在氧气含量处于低水平时缺氧诱导因子(HIF)脯氨酸羟化反应速率降低,进而影响其泛素化进程,HIF1的蛋白酶体降解被抑制,导致HIF1蛋白水平升高。HIF介导多种途径影响代谢,其活化通常与预后差相关。另一方面氧气供给不足使得肿瘤细胞主要通过糖酵解供能。这使得代谢产物乳酸积累,影响TME酸碱平衡。除此之外,肿瘤细胞为了避免自身酸中毒,通过胞膜上的质子转运蛋白排出
作为免疫治疗的新靶点,VISTA抑制剂研发正受到越来越多的关注。部分小分子抑制剂和抗体已进入临床研究阶段(
数据来源: www.ClinicalTrials.gov; www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials, 统计截止日期: 2022-02-20

图3 化合物结构及其与抗体结合表位
A:化合物化学结
2015年10月,Curis与Aurigene合作推出可选择性靶向PD-L1和VISTA的口服小分子拮抗剂CA-17
Gabr
JNJ-61610588(CI-8993/VSTB112
Janssen公司于2016年启动了IgG1 kappa型抗体JNJ-61610588(NCT02671955)的临床研究,Ⅰa期试验招募了12例患者,用于评估该抗体治疗晚期实体瘤的安全性、药代动力学和药效学。据报道,其中1位患者在治疗过程中出现细胞因子释放综合征,之后该研究被Janssen公司终止。2020年Curis公司将其重新命名为CI-8993并于9月启动Ⅰ期研究(NCT04475523),评估CI8993用于复发/难治性实体瘤患者的安全性、耐受性和抗肿瘤活性。癌症免疫治疗协会第36届年会上公布了CI-8993的最新临床前数
Pierre Fabre研发的W0180同为IgG1 kappa型抗体。临床试验中,除测试其单独抗肿瘤作用外,同时评估其与PD-1抑制性单克隆抗体pembrolizumab联用是否能增强疗效。
Hummingbird Bioscience正在开发的HMBD-002靶向基于计算预测VISTA的功能表位。通过阻断VISTA的功能性C-C′环区
BMS-767是其中唯一的pH选择性封闭抗
斯坦福大学团队利用酵母表面展示技术设计出与小鼠、人和食蟹猴VISTA蛋白均具有高亲和力的具有物种交叉反应性抗体SG
前期针对PD-1/PD-L1的抑制剂的研究为后续新型免疫检查点药物的开发提供了可靠的理论和实践基础。目前免疫检查点药物筛选普遍的流程包括3个部分:(1)在体外通过生物物理和生物化学分析检测亲和力;(2)通过细胞水平试验评估阻断和生物活性作用;(3)构建异种移植动物模型证实其抗肿瘤作
结合亲和力是衡量潜在抑制剂与免疫检查点蛋白结合能力的最关键参数之一,ELISA是最为广泛使用的检测方
在VISTA小分子抑制剂筛选中,研究者们采用了多种方法相互验证。例如,化合物Ⅲ优化过程中,Gabr
细胞水平分析主要包括基于生物发光报告细胞的分
生物发光报告细胞试验需要构建两种细胞,表达ICIs的APC/CHO-K1细胞系和效应细胞系。效应细胞系通常为含带有NFAT反应元件的荧光素酶报告质粒的Jurkat T细
在共培养体系中,VISTA与其T细胞上受体结合,进而抑制NFAT反应元件介导的TCR信号和发光。VISTA抑制剂的存在阻断了相互作用,导致TCR信号和发光的重新激活,因此可以通过荧光信号强弱来筛选药物。
基于T细胞的检测包括效应细胞、呈现ICIs的细胞和效应细胞的激活信号(CD3激活物)。为了提高准确性和重复性,实验中一般使用永生化细胞系而非原代细胞。例如效应细胞通常使用Jurkat人T细胞系,以检测CD3依赖的T细胞的激活。评价VISTA小分子抑制剂的功能时,通常采用基于细胞共培养的方法或与VISTA蛋白孵育的单细胞培养方法。其理论基础是加入靶向VISTA的小分子后,T细胞功能障碍将得到改善。T细胞功能检测包括T细胞增殖、T细胞相关细胞因子释放(IL-2和IFN-γ)以及下游相关通路(包括蛋白活性及其磷酸化)的变
常见的肿瘤模型包括肿瘤细胞系异种移植(cell-derived xenograft,CDX)小鼠模
在实际药物筛选时可通过多种模型测试其活
模型构建成功后,通过给药前后的肿瘤抑制率(tumor growth inhibition,TGI)、动物体重变化、TME中具有活性的CD
ICIs疗法是近年来肿瘤免疫治疗领域的研究热点,在临床上,多种类型的肿瘤患者对PD-1/PD-L1和CTLA-4抗体治疗具有高应答率。但个体差异导致的无应答和耐药性限制其更广泛的应用。因此,研究人员致力于发现新型的ICIs以期惠及更多患者。VISTA作为近年新发现的ICIs具有更大的发展潜力,其抑制性抗体在小鼠模型能有效抑制肿瘤生长,与PD-1/PD-L1抗体联用效果更为显著。相关治疗性抗体和小分子药物临床试验相继开展。但由于VISTA ECD表面平坦,小分子药物结合位点的设计具有挑战性,需要得到更多先导化合物与靶点结合的相关位点参数。对此,本课题组通过SPR高通量筛选,获得了与VISTA具有高亲和力的𫫇二唑类化合物。在基于T细胞的功能分析中能达到与抗体接近的疗效,同时在CT26结直肠癌CDX小鼠模型中能有效抑制肿瘤的生长。后续试验将聚焦于通过解析该化合物与VISTA的晶体结构,分析关键结合位点,从而进行优化和改造。
然而,由于VISTA富含组氨酸,具有配体受体双重角色以及在TME中表达与相互作用关系复杂等特性,其抑制剂的筛选方法仍需优化。对两种配体VSIG3和PSGL-1在体内是否存在竞争作用,在不同细胞类型和环境中谁占主导,下游通路信号通路等机制的研究将有助于建立更具特异性和系统的筛选方法,提高药物研发的成功率。
综上所述,虽然VISTA靶点研究有待深入,但其抑制活性的组织特异性以及与PSGL-1结合的pH依赖性使得VISTA在现有的ICIs中独具一格。其特性使得开发肿瘤部位富集的pH选择性抑制剂成为可能,为未来的肿瘤免疫治疗开辟新的领域。
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