Abstract: Aloe vera (Liliaceae), particularly Aloe barbadensis Miller, is widely utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. It is known for its laxative effects, promotion of wound healing, and antiinflammatory and reparative properties. Current international standards recognize Oacetylmannan as the primary active component, with aloin as a marker for quality limitation. However, as the chemical constituents of Aloe vera continue to be identified, an increasing number of active compounds responsible for its pharmacological effects on skin diseases have been discovered. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on four major categories of core active ingredients (polysaccharides, anthraquinones, chromones, and phenolic acids) and two categories of potentially riskassociated constituents in Aloe vera. The molecular mechanisms underlying its dermatological pharmacological activities are highlighted, focusing on the activation of the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway, inhibition of the NFκB/MAPK inflammatory pathway, and regulation of the TGFβ/VEGF woundremodeling pathway. This review provides a basis for the development of Aloe verabased pharmaceuticals and cosmetic raw materials with different therapeutic functions, and offers guidance for the selection of markers in corresponding quality standard studies.