摘要
为评价艾叶乙醇提取物对高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病模型小鼠血糖血脂的影响,采用腹腔注射STZ(35 mg/kg)加高糖高脂饲料喂养ICR小鼠,建立糖尿病小鼠模型。糖尿病小鼠随机分成3组,模型组(5 mL/kg 0.5% CMC-Na)、艾叶乙醇提取物低剂量组(100 mg/kg)和高剂量组(400 mg/kg)。连续给药6周,每天记录小鼠的饮水量及摄食量,每周记录并比较小鼠的血糖指标。测定给药6周后小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和糖耐量(OGTT)水平。结果显示,艾叶乙醇提取物高剂量组小鼠的饮水量、摄食量、体重及空腹血糖和血糖浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)明显降低(P < 0.01),口服葡萄糖耐量也显著改善(P < 0.01),艾叶乙醇提取物低剂量组小鼠的TG、TC和LDL-C显著降低(P < 0.01)。实验结果提示艾叶乙醇提取物对糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢具有显著调节、改善作用,且呈现一定的剂量依赖性。
糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)作为一种常见的内分泌代谢紊乱性疾病,是由于胰岛素分泌相对不足或胰岛素抵抗而引起的糖脂代谢紊乱的疾
艾叶(菊科)是植物艾草(Artemisia argyi Levl. et Vant.)干燥的叶,味苦、性温,具有散寒止痛、温经止血的功效,常用于治疗月经不调、出血不止,外用还可治疗皮肤瘙痒等
我国古代就有“苦能制甜”之说,应用到临床中就是用苦味药物治疗糖尿病,而且临床也已证实苦味中药的降糖作用是确切的,艾叶其中的有效活性成分,如黄酮类、绿原酸、酚酸类等化学成分已证实具有降血糖的活性,但对于其具体的降血糖机制尚缺乏有说服力的研究结果。本课题组前期研究已经证实艾叶乙醇提取物能够降低正常小鼠的餐后血
艾叶购于湖北蕲春,经中国药科大学冯锋教授鉴定为菊科植物艾草Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant.的干燥叶。艾叶标本(No.20190901)存放于中国药科大学天然药物化学教研室。艾叶300 g粉碎后用95%乙醇加热回流提取3次,每次1 h,抽滤,减压回收溶剂,得艾叶乙醇提取物浸膏27.8 g,得率9.27%。
STZ(美国Sigma公司);TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C检测试剂盒(上海沪震生物科技有限公司);BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司);酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒(上海晶抗生物工程有限公司);二甲双胍(拜耳医药保健有限公司);其他试剂均为市售分析纯。
RE-2000型旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣生化仪器厂);HR/T16M台式高速冷冻离心机(湖南赫西仪器装备有限公司); BS124S型分析天平(北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司);EL-x800酶标仪(美国BioTek公司);病理彩色图象分析系统(郑州泽铭科技有限公司);XD-202型倒置显微镜(南京江南永新光学有限公司);GLS-77型雅斯血糖测试分析仪(青岛厚美德生物科技有限公司)。
40只小鼠适应性喂养1周后,随机分为正常组(Normal)和造模组,以基础鼠粮饲养正常组,以高糖高脂鼠粮饲养模型组。饲养4周后,模型组禁食14 h,腹腔注射由柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液(pH 4.35)配制的1% STZ 35 mg/kg,72 h后剪尾取血,以血糖仪测定小鼠空腹血糖,高于11.1 mmol/L为造模成
每周记录小鼠进食量及饮水量,每周称量小鼠质量。小鼠禁食不禁水6 h后,通过剪尾采血法测定各组小鼠的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)。每周1次,连续6周。6周给药结束后,小鼠禁食12 h,自由饮水。灌胃给药,然后再用相同的方式给予2 g/kg葡萄糖溶液。分别测定给予葡萄糖0、30、60、90和120 min后小鼠的血糖,计算血糖浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC
与正常组相比,模型组小鼠体重减轻,且从第2周起呈急剧下降趋势。艾叶乙醇提取物高低剂量组均可抑制小鼠体重下降,各组小鼠的体重变化见

Figure 1 Effect of Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract on body weight, drinking quantity and feeding quantity in type 2 diabetic mice ()
LDG:Low-dose group; HDG: High-dose group
经过6周的灌胃治疗后,正常组的饮水量和摄食量无明显变化,而模型组的饮水量和摄食量显著增加(P < 0.01),证明糖尿病小鼠模型建立成功。如
FBG是整体血糖控制的基础,也是降低DM慢性并发症风险和切断胰岛β细胞功能衰竭这一恶性循环的关键

Figure 2 Effect of Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract on fasting blood-glucose (FBG) in type 2 diabetic mice ()
##P < 0.01 vs normal group
如

Figure 3 Hypoglycemic effect of Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract on the OGTT in type 2 diabetic mice ()
##P < 0.01 vs normal group;
模型组与正常组相比,TC、TG和LDL-C的含量水平存在显著的差异(均P < 0.01);艾叶乙醇提取物低剂量组能显著降低糖尿病小鼠的TC、TG和LDL-C的含量水平(P < 0.01)(见

Figure 4 Effect of Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract on the serum index in type 2 diabetic mice ()
TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol
胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病的主要发病机
空腹血糖是临床最常用的检测指标,可反映胰岛β细胞的功能状态。给予高剂量艾叶乙醇提取物(400 mg/kg),小鼠的FGB从第2周开始显著下降。血糖水平降低提示艾叶乙醇提取物增加了胰腺分泌胰岛素的功能,这可能是由于艾叶乙醇提取物能抑制寡糖分解为单糖,延迟并减少肠腔对葡萄糖的吸收。OGTT可用于检测机体对葡萄糖代谢的调节能力。若因体内胰岛素分泌功能失调引起糖代谢失常时,摄入一定量的葡萄糖后,血糖浓度可急剧升高,而且短时间内不能恢复到原来的水
Liu
综上所述,艾叶乙醇提取物可减缓甚至消除T2DM小鼠典型的多饮、多食和体重减少的症状,而且能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖水平(P < 0.01)、提高小鼠的葡萄糖耐受量,降低小鼠的血脂水平(P < 0.01),这些发现提示艾叶乙醇提取物具有潜在的辅助治疗2型糖尿病的效果,但其降血糖机制有待进一步研究。
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