摘要
代谢型谷氨酸受体5(metabotropic glutamate receptor 5,mGluR5)是中枢谷氨酸能系统的重要受体之一,其广泛参与调控突触传递、突触可塑性、神经兴奋性/抑制性平衡等生理过程。多项研究发现,mGluR5参与介导不同神经和精神疾病的发生发展,因此其作为神经和精神疾病的潜在药物靶标日益受到关注。本文对mGluR5的结构、分布、正常生理功能、mGluR5在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用以及mGluR5药物研发现状进行概述,以期为中枢神经系统疾病的研究提供参考。
关键词
谷氨酸是大脑内重要的兴奋性氨基酸类神经递质,负责中枢神经系统近70%的突触传
mGluR5作为脑内丰富表达的一种mGluRs,对于调控突触活动和维系神经网络稳定至关重要。近年来,越来越多研究者专注于探究mGluR5与中枢神经系统疾病的联系以及针对该受体的药物在临床应用的可行性和有效性。
mGluR5具有典型的C类GPCR结构特征,以二聚体形式发挥作用,且每个单体含有一个较大的N端胞外结构域。胞外结构域包含有能与L-谷氨酸、离子等结合的配体结合域(ligand-binding domain,LBD),形似捕蝇草叶片;LBD由一段富含半胱氨酸的序列与7次跨膜结构域相连
mGluR5在人类和啮齿动物的大脑皮层、海马、嗅球、纹状体、丘脑等区域广泛分
mGluR5优先偶联Gαq/11,通过启动经典信号通路来调控膜受体活性、基因转录、蛋白合成等细胞活动。配体与受体结合后,Gαq/11活化并激活磷脂酶C(phospholipase C,PLC),PLC催化细胞膜上4,5-二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate,PIP2)生成第二信使分子肌醇-1,4,5-三磷酸(inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate,IP3)和甘油二酯(1,2-diacylglycerol,DAG)。IP3诱导内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)C

图1 mGluR5信号转导通路示意图
mGluR5偶联Gαq/11,启动下游经典双信号通路PLC/DAG/PKC和PLC/IP3/C
突触后膜上的mGluR5可通过不同的分子机制调控iGluR α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸受体(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor,AMPAR)内化,从而介导突触长时程抑制(long-term depression,LTD
中枢谷氨酸能系统失调是神经和精神疾病的常见病理机制之一。近年来,越来越多实验表明,mGluR5及其调控的信号通路与神经发育障
FXS是一种X染色体上脆性X智力低下基因(fragile X mentalretardation gene 1,FMR1)启动子区域CCG三核苷酸重复扩增引起FMR1沉默,导致其编码的脆性 X 智力低下蛋白(fragile X mental retardation protein,FMRP)缺失的神经发育障碍疾
随着研究深入,PI3K增强子(PI3K enhancer,PIKE)参与调控的mGluR5下游PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路过度激活被确认在介导Fmr1 KO小鼠海马LTD异常增强中发挥关键作
尽管临床前实验结果显示,抑制mGluR5功能或mGluR5基因缺失能改善Fmr1 KO小鼠的部分病理情况和行为障碍,但是针对mGluR5的药物在FXS临床转化中尚未成
阿尔兹海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)是一种以胞外β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)异常沉积形成斑块、胞内tau蛋白过度磷酸化导致神经纤维纠缠、神经元进行性萎缩死亡为主要病理特征的神经退行性疾病。Aβ是由淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)水解得来,APP在发育大脑的突触形成中起重要作
一方面,FMRP可以负调控突触中APP的翻译,mGluR5信号通路激活可以解除FMRP对APP合成的抑
研究发现,抑制mGluR5可以逆转AD模型APPswe/PS1ΔE9小鼠和3xTg-AD雄性小鼠的认知障碍,减少脑内Aβ斑块沉
除AD外,mGluR5也被报道具有作为治疗其他神经退行性疾病的药理靶标的潜能。临床前研究发现,激动或抑制mGluR5可能通过不同分子机制改善亨廷顿病(Huntington disease,HD)小鼠模型的病理学特
MDD是一种以显著而持续的情绪低落为主要特征的精神障碍,其高致残率、高自杀率的特点给患者家属和社会带来痛苦与负担。基于抑郁障碍中谷氨酸能系统亢进的假说,抑制mGluRs可能是治疗MDD的潜在方
临床尸检报告表明,MDD患者前额叶皮层的mGluR5蛋白表达量比正常人
临床上,睡眠剥夺是一种能快速缓解抑郁症状的物理方法。相关研究报道,抑郁患者进行33 h睡眠剥夺治疗后,通过PET成像发现患者脑内结合放射性示踪剂的mGluR5增
精神分裂症是一种严重的精神疾病,其发生发展由遗传因素和大脑发育成熟过程中的环境因素共同决定。其临床症状主要分为3类:以幻觉和妄想为主要特征的阳性症状、以社交互动缺乏和抑郁情绪为主要表现的阴性症状和以学习记忆功能受损的认知功能障
目前普遍认为NMDAR功能减退与精神分裂症的病理机制密切相关。NMDAR被外源性或内源性配体拮抗时均可能诱导精神分裂症的发
Wang
由于临床上应用NMDAR激动剂易诱发兴奋性神经毒性、癫痫发作等不良反应,靶向mGluR5从而间接调节NMDAR功能可能是一种有希望的治疗策略。有相关研究报道,在NMDAR抑制剂苯环己哌啶诱导和丝氨酸消旋酶基因敲除的精神分裂小鼠模型中,激动mGluR5可改善小鼠认知记忆缺
传统药物研发策略是基于已知的内源性配体结合位点来寻找正构激活或抑制受体的药物分子。(R,S)-3,5-二羟基苯基甘氨酸[(R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine,DHPG]是最早发现的I型mGluR选择性正构位点激动剂。DHPG与mGluR5的亲和力比mGluR5选择性正构位点激动剂2-氯-5羟苯基甘氨酸[(R,S)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine,CHPG]与mGluR5的亲和力高,所以DHPG是体外药理实验中更为常用的mGluR5激动
通过正构位点完全激活或抑制受体容易影响细胞的正常生理活动,为避免副作用产生,研究者倾向寻找能结合受体其他位点的高选择性药物分子。作为GPCR,mGluR5的7次跨膜结构存在多个潜在变构结合位
FXS: 脆性X综合征; LID: 左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍; HD: 亨廷顿病; MDD: 重度抑郁障碍
在mGluR5药物研发中,PET技术发挥了积极作用。PET作为一种先进的体内成像技术,借助放射性示踪剂来定量活体组织中的受体、转运蛋白或酶的表达水平,从而反应分子水平的生理、病理、代谢等变
作为谷氨酸能系统的重要组成部分,mGluR5在维系大脑神经网络稳定中发挥不可或缺的作用。mGluR5介导突触可塑性的功能使其与FXS、AD、精神分裂症等疾病中的突触功能损伤和认知障碍发生密切联系。借助先进的临床影像技术,许多研究发现mGluR5在不同疾病动物模型和患者脑内的表达变化,提示mGluR5在多种中枢神经系统疾病中的潜在作用;探究mGluR5在不同中枢神经疾病中所扮演的角色,可以为中枢神经系统疾病的临床治疗提供新策略。
虽然目前mGluR5与不同神经和精神疾病的研究已经取得了一些进展,但是其在特定疾病中介导的具体机制仍未清楚,还有待后续更深入地研究。此外,如何将临床前实验中疗效良好的mGluR5 NAM和PAM成功应用至临床依旧是一大难题。未来需要更好地将基础研究和临床实际结合,研发针对mGluR5的高选择性药物,并提高药物从动物模型到临床应用转化的成功率。
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