摘要
研究跨膜蛋白血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)对乳腺癌预后的影响及其潜在机制。使用公共数据库分析ACE2表达和与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征、患者预后及免疫微环境的关系;结合体外实验分析ACE2在乳腺癌中的作用机制。研究结果显示,ACE2在乳腺癌组织中的表达明显低于乳腺正常组织,其表达与乳腺癌患者的年龄、M分期和N1mi期显著负相关(P < 0.05)。ACE2高表达的Luminal型乳腺癌患者预后不良,而在三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)亚型中,ACE2则展现出不同的预后意义。此外,ACE2还与肿瘤组织的代谢和免疫微环境密切相关。体外实验表明,ACE2在MDA-MB-231细胞中低表达,并可能通过下调基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP2)来抑制细胞的进展。研究结果提示,ACE2在乳腺癌中低表达,与患者的预后及代谢和免疫微环境密切相关,其可能是通过MMP2途径抑制TNBC细胞进展。
乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,病死率居高不下,严重威胁全世界女性健
血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)是一种Ⅰ型膜锚定锌羧肽酶,主要位于细胞膜上,其可通过去除C端苯丙氨酸残基将Ang II转化为Ang(1-7),同时也可作用于Ang I产生Ang(1-9
RPMI 1640培养基、DMEM培养基和胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司);CCK-8试剂(日本同仁公司);Lipo8000™转染试剂(上海碧云天公司);TRIzol试剂、逆转录试剂和实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)试剂(上海飞捷生物公司);ECL曝光液(美国Thermo公司);GAPDH抗体(美国Proteintech公司);ACE2、基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP2)、Cyclin A2、Cyclin B1、Cyclin D1和Cyclin E2抗体(美国CST公司);其他试剂均为市售分析纯。
使用UALCAN数据库评估ACE2在乳腺癌和正常乳腺样本中的表达(http://timer.cistrome.org),以及TCGA-BRCA数据库中的公共资料分析ACE2与乳腺癌患者临床病理学特征之间的关联性。Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库分析ACE2表达与乳腺癌生存率之间的关系(https://kmplot.com/analysis/)。
使用UALCAN数据库选取了乳腺癌中44个与ACE2皮尔逊相关系数大于0.3的共表达基因。上传至DAVID(https://david.ncifcrf.gov)进行KEGG通路富集和GO功能分析,并根据富集分数(enrichment score)和数量(count),使用微生信(http://www.Bioinformatics.com.cn/)进行可视化处理。
基于TCGA-BRCA队列,本研究使用TISIDB数据库(http://cis. hku. hk/TISIDB/)评估乳腺癌中ACE2与组织亚型和免疫亚型的关系,分析ACE2表达与TIICs、趋化因子、趋化因子受体和免疫抑制分子的相关性。
MDA-MB-231培养于含10%FBS的DMEM完全培养基中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温恒湿培养箱中培养。取生长状态良好的细胞计数后,按每孔约4 × 1
采用Lipo8000™将小干扰RNA(siRNA)和阴性对照转染入MDA-MB-231细胞,转染24 h后采用RT-qPCR法检测细胞转染效率,收集细胞进行后续实验。siRNA的序列见
Primer | Sequence |
---|---|
siACE2-579-F | 5′-GGCCAUUAUAUGAAGAGUATT-3′ |
siACE2-579-R | 5′-UACUCUUCAUAUAAUGGCCTT-3′ |
siACE2-2313-F | 5′-GGCAUUGUCAUCCUGAUCUTT-3′ |
siACE2-2313-R | 5′-AGAUCAGGAUGACAAUGCCTT-3′ |
siRNA-NC-F | 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′ |
siRNA-NC-R | 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3′ |
ACE2: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2; NC: Negative control
采用RIPA裂解液提取细胞总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度,每个样本上样量为20 μg,通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离蛋白质并转移到聚偏氟乙烯薄膜,室温封闭2 h,分别加ACE2抗体(l∶500),Cyclin抗体(A2、B1、D1和E2)、MMP2抗体和GAPDH抗体(l∶5 000)4 ℃过夜孵育,加二抗(鼠或兔源性)室温孵育1 h,洗膜后化学发光显色、拍照。
采用TRIzol试剂盒说明书提取细胞总RNA后,逆转录为cDNA,实验重复3次。引物序列见
Primer | Sequence |
---|---|
ACE2-F | 5′-CGAAGCCGAAGACCTGTTCTA-3′ |
ACE2-R | 5′-GGGCAAGTGTGGACTGTTCC-3′ |
GAPDH-F | 5′-GGAGCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT-3′ |
GAPDH-R | 5′-GGCTGTTGTCATACTTCTCATGG-3′ |
收集对数生长期的各组细胞进行实验,将细胞接种于96孔细胞培养板,每孔100 μL。设置3个复孔,另设空白组(不含细胞,仅含培养液),置于37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养,细胞贴壁后分别在第0 ~ 4天,分别使用含10%FBS和10%CCK-8的培养液培养2 h,检测450 nm处吸收度。
Matrigel胶与无FBS培养基按照4∶1的比例稀释后,均匀铺于24孔Transwell小室中。每孔按4 × 1
细胞周期检测:收集各组细胞,PBS缓冲液洗涤后75%乙醇重悬细胞,-20 ℃过夜固定。次日,细胞经冷PBS缓冲液冲洗后,采用碘化丙啶染色液重悬细胞,37 ℃避光温浴30 min。采用流式细胞术分析不同细胞周期各组细胞百分率。
细胞凋亡检测:取各组细胞,用预冷的PBS洗涤3次,每组分为4份(空白组、单染组和双染组),加入Annexin V-APC和7-AAD染色液,冰上避光,立即进行细胞凋亡检测。
通过UALCAN数据库分析表明,ACE2在乳腺癌组织中的表达水平显著低于正常对照组织(P < 0.05,

Figure 1 Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression levels in breast cancer tissues ()
A: Expression levels of ACE2 in breast cancer and paraneoplastic tissues (database: UALCAN); B: Expression levels of ACE2 in various subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (database:UALCAN); C: mRNA expression of ACE2 in unpaired breast cancer and normal samples (database: TCGA-BRCA); D: mRNA expression of ACE2 in paired breast cancer samples (database: TCGA-BRCA)
本研究评估了ACE2表达与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征之间的相关性。结果表明ACE2的表达与患者年龄(P < 0.05,

Figure 2 Correlation between the relative expression of ACE2 and clinicopathological parameters
A: ACE2 expression in different races; B: ACE2 expression in different tumor stages; C: ACE2 expression in different age groups; D: ACE2 expression in different T-stages; E: ACE2 expression in different N-stages; F: ACE2 expression in different M-stages; G: ACE2 expression in N0 and N1mi phases
本研究采用Kaplan-Meier Plotter数据库评估ACE2在乳腺癌4种主要亚型中的预后价值。结果表明,在不同分子亚型乳腺癌中,ACE2扮演着不同的预后角色:在Luminal A型乳腺癌中,ACE2高表达者预后更差(P < 0.05,

Figure 3 Correlation between ACE2 expression and prognosis
A: Prognosis in Luminal A breast cancer; B: Prognosis in Luminal B breast cancer; C: Prognosis in Basal-like breast cancer; D: Prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer
一般而言,共表达基因具有相似的功能和作用。本研究利用UALCAN数据库筛选TCGA-BRCA队列中的ACE2共表达基因,进行KEGG通路富集分析和GO功能分析。KEGG通路富集主要是色氨酸代谢和花生四烯酸代谢相关通路等(

Figure 4 Gene enrichment analysis
A: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis; B: GO functional analysis
肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)是由肿瘤细胞、基质和内皮细胞组成的异质性复杂组织,其中免疫浸润细胞、趋化因子、趋化因子受体和免疫因子等构成免疫微环境。肿瘤免疫集群分为6种免疫亚型,分别为C1:伤口愈合型,C2:IFN-γ主导型,C3:炎症型,C4:淋巴细胞消减型,C5:免疫静默型和C6:TGF-β主导型。在TISIDB数据库中,ACE2与乳腺癌患者组织学亚型和免疫学亚型显著相关(

Figure 5 Relationship between ACE2 and the immune microenvironment
A: Association of ACE2 with breast cancer histological and immunological subtypes; B: Association between ACE2 and TIICs in breast cancer; C: Association of ACE2 with immunosuppressive factors in breast cancer
免疫微环境中的免疫细胞在抑制或促进肿瘤生长方面发挥着重要作用,趋化因子和趋化因子受体在免疫调节过程中起着非常关键的作用,它们可以将免疫细胞招募到TME中,并影响肿瘤进展。随后使用TISIDB数据库评估ACE2与乳腺癌TIICs以及趋化因子的关系。结果表明,ACE2表达与乳腺癌中ACT-B、Th1、NKT、Tfh、Th17、Th2和Tem-CD8等细胞呈正相关(
为了阐明ACE2在乳腺癌进展中的作用,本研究首先检测了ACE2在不同乳腺癌细胞系中蛋白表达水平(

Figure 6 Identification of ACE2 expression level ()
A: ACE2 protein expression in breast cancer cell lines; B: Identification of ACE2 protein expression levels in constructs of stable overexpression cell lines; C: Identification of ACE2 protein expression levels in siRNA knockdown cell lines; D: mRNA expression of ACE2 in constructs of stable overexpression cell lines; E: mRNA expression of ACE2 in siRNA knockdown cell lines
前期数据库结果表明,ACE2与TNBC患者预后显著相关,其高表达者患者预后更好。而TNBC作为侵袭能力较强的乳腺癌亚型,关注ACE2在这种亚型中的角色和作用十分必要。为此,本研究选择TNBC细胞系MDA-MB-231进行相关功能实验。结果表明,与对照组相比,ACE2过表达组细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力显著减弱(

Figure 7 ACE2 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of TNBC cells ()
A and B: CCK-8 was used to monitor cells proliferation viability for 4 days; C: Wound healing experiments was applied to evaluate cell migration ability; D: Cell invasion ability was detected by transwell assay (scale bar = 1 cm
为进一步研究ACE2抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移的机制,本研究通过流式细胞术和WB实验,检测细胞周期停滞情况(

Figure 8 Effect of ACE2 on cell cycle, apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) ()
A: Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle changes; B: Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis; C: Western blot was used to detect Cyclin and MMP2 protein expression
为进一步验证ACE2是否通过MMP2途径抑制TNBC细胞的侵袭。本研究将siACE2转染到231-lenti-ACE2细胞中观察MMP2的表达情况,并通过Invasion实验进行检验。结果发现,转染了siACE2的231-lenti-ACE2细胞的侵袭能力较231-lenti-ACE2组显著增强(

Figure 9 ACE2 affects cell invasion through MMP2 ()
A: Effect of ACE2 on MMP2 protein levels; B: ACE2 affects cell invasion through MMP2; C: Statistical analysis of invasion assay of MDA-MB-231 cells
在本研究中,首先进行了综合生物信息学分析,以研究ACE2在乳腺癌中的表达量、预后价值、生物学功能和潜在的调控途径。这些生物信息学分析和基础研究将为进一步了解乳腺癌患者的预后和治疗奠定基础。基于生物信息学分析,发现ACE2在乳腺癌中表达低于正常组织,并与患者年龄、M分期和N1mi期相关。同时发现,ACE2与乳腺癌的分子亚型密切相关,ACE2高表达预示着Luminal 型乳腺癌的生存时间更短,而TNBC的生存时间更长。近期研究发现,ACE2通过与新冠病毒表面S蛋白结合诱导人体细胞发生病毒感
代谢重编程是肿瘤的关键标志。2022年,Xiao
为进一步明确ACE2在TNBC中的功能作用,本研究首先进行了细胞增殖实验。结果发现,ACE2可以有效抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖能力,但并未发现其对细胞凋亡能力的影响。数据库资料分析发现ACE2与乳腺癌的远处转移和早期淋巴结转移有关,而又有文献证明了ACE2可以抑制肿瘤转移,这些结果均提示ACE2在乳腺癌转移中起着关键作用,但具体机制尚不清楚。肿瘤的侵袭和转移在很大程度上取决于多种MMPs的蛋白水解活性,这些酶通过降解细胞外基质(ECM)成分和释放基质因子、细胞表面结合的细胞因子、生长因子或其受体,参与基质破坏、新生血管形成和转
综上所述,ACE2可能是TNBC的潜在预后生物标志物,并可能参与了氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢,以及肿瘤免疫微环境的调控。同时,ACE2可能通过下调MMP2的表达而非依赖细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞途径抑制TNBC细胞的增殖和转移。以上结果表明,ACE2在调节TNBC细胞的恶性行为中发挥着重要作用,这将为TNBC的诊治提供新的思路。
References
Kocarnik JM, Compton K, Dean FE, et al. Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2022, 8(3): 420-444. [百度学术]
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2023, 73(1): 17-48. [百度学术]
Liu X, Li YQ, Mu FC, et al. New progress in molecular typing of triple negative breast cancer[J]. Chin J Clin Exp Pathol (临床与实验病理学杂志), 2020, 36(3): 316-319. [百度学术]
Waks AG, Winer EP. Breast cancer treatment: a review[J]. JAMA, 2019, 321(3): 288-300. [百度学术]
Wang X, Wang SS, Huang H, et al. Effect of capecitabine maintenance therapy using lower dosage and higher frequency vs observation on disease-free survival among patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer who had received standard treatment: the SYSUCC-001 randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2021, 325(1): 50-58. [百度学术]
Arendse LB, Jan Danser AHJ, Poglitsch M, et al. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting the renin-angiotensin system and associated peptides in hypertension and heart failure[J]. Pharmacol Rev, 2019, 71(4): 539-570. [百度学术]
Savoia C, Volpe M, Kreutz R. Hypertension, a moving target in COVID-19: current views and perspectives[J]. Circ Res, 2021, 128(7): 1062-1079. [百度学术]
RASSantos, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, et al. The ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1-7)[J]. Physiol Rev, 2018, 98(1): 505-553. [百度学术]
Liu FF, Gong ZK, Liang HL, et al. Progress of the relationship between renin-angiotensin system and tumor[J]. J Mod Oncol (现代肿瘤医学), 2022, 30(8): 1495-1499. [百度学术]
Acconcia F. The network of angiotensin receptors in breast cancer[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(6): 1336. [百度学术]
Hashimoto T, Perlot T, Rehman A, et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation[J]. Nature, 2012, 487(7408): 477-481. [百度学术]
Viana SD, Nunes S, Reis F. ACE2 imbalance as a key player for the poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with age-related comorbidities - Role of gut microbiota dysbiosis[J]. Ageing Res Rev, 2020, 62: 101123. [百度学术]
Li ZL, Peng MX, Chen P, et al. Imatinib and methazolamide ameliorate COVID-19-induced metabolic complications via elevating ACE2 enzymatic activity and inhibiting viral entry[J]. Cell Metab, 2022, 34(3): 424-440. [百度学术]
Yu CH, Tang W, Wang YH, et al. Downregulation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis promotes breast cancer metastasis by enhancing store-operated calcium entry[J]. Cancer Lett, 2016, 376(2): 268-277. [百度学术]
Ye GX, Qin Y, Lu XH, et al. The association of renin-angiotensin system genes with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2015, 459(1): 18-23. [百度学术]
Khanna P, Soh HJ, Chen CH, et al. ACE2 abrogates tumor resistance to VEGFR inhibitors suggesting angiotensin-(1-7) as a therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13(577): eabc0170. [百度学术]
Zhang Q, Lu SH, Li TF, et al. ACE2 inhibits breast cancer angiogenesis via suppressing the VEGFa/VEGFR2/ERK pathway[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2019, 38(1): 173. [百度学术]
Zhang SB, Zhao BB, Gao H, et al. Dexmedetomidine mediated miR-526b-3p/MMP2 pathway affects the invasion and migration of human cervical cancer cell line HeLa[J]. Chin J Birth Heath Hered (中国优生与遗传杂志), 2022, 30(10): 1703-1708. [百度学术]
Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2022, 23(1): 3-20. [百度学术]
Brown JM, Wasson MD, Marcato P. Triple-negative breast cancer and the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical management perspectives and potential consequences of infection[J]. Cancers, 2021, 13(2): 296. [百度学术]
Xiao Y, Ma D, Yang YS, et al. Comprehensive metabolomics expands precision medicine for triple-negative breast cancer[J]. Cell Res, 2022, 32(5): 477-490. [百度学术]
Niland S, Riscanevo AX, Eble JA. Matrix metalloproteinases shape the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 23(1): 146. [百度学术]
Sanyal S, Amin SA, Adhikari N, et al. Ligand-based design of anticancer MMP2 inhibitors: a review[J]. Future Med Chem, 2021, 13(22): 1987-2013. [百度学术]