Advances in research on immune checkpoint and its inhibitors in glioma

Conventional treatment of glioma has not significantly improved the prognosis of patients, so people pay more attention to the potential of immuno-checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of glioma. This article reviews the expression and mechanism of some negative immune checkpoints in gliomas, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cellimmunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), B7-H4 and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), as well as progress of immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical research, with a prospect of their future in immunotherapy.