中药挥发油化学成分和抗抑郁作用机制研究进展

张一飞; 程露; 任明诗; 郭焘; 匡凤姣; 康宗华; 罗建光; 吴斐华

doi:10.11665/j.issn.1000-5048.2024012001

中药挥发油化学成分和抗抑郁作用机制研究进展

1.
中国药科大学中药学院, 南京 211198
2.
海南华创槟榔研究院, 海口570208

详细信息

通讯作者:
吴斐华: Tel：13057621416　E-mail：fhwu2000@cpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: R285；R964
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-19
- 刊出日期: 2025-02-24

Research progress on the chemical composition and antidepressant mechanism of volatile oils of traditional Chinese medicine

1.
School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198
2.
Hainan Huachuang Betel Nut Research Institute, Haikou 570208, China

摘要

摘要:
抑郁症是一种由多种复杂原因引起的患者情绪低落和认知功能障碍的精神疾病。临床上抗抑郁药具有良好的短期疗效，但长期服用存在较多不良反应以及耐药性等问题。挥发油是以单萜和倍半萜为主的小分子化合物，大多具有芳香气味、易于透过血脑屏障和不良反应小的特点。中药挥发油通过调节神经单胺递质、下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴、脑源性神经营养因子、神经炎症和氧化应激、肠道菌群—肠—脑轴等机制，多途径多靶点发挥抗抑郁作用。本文总结中药挥发油抗抑郁主要化学成分、药理作用机制及临床应用，旨在为中药挥发油的进一步开发和临床应用提供参考。
- 挥发油 /
- 抗抑郁 /
- 活性成分 /
- 作用机制
Abstract:
Depressive disorder is a mental illness characterized by poor mood and cognitive dysfunction caused by a range of complicated factors. Antidepressants have strong short-term efficacy in clinical application, yet with significant adverse effects and resistance in long-term use. Essential oils are small molecular compounds mainly composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, most of which are characterized by aromatic odors, easy permeability through the blood-brain barrier, and low toxic side effects. Volatile oil from traditional Chinese medicine can regulate neurotransmitter monoamine, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and intestinal microbiota-gut-brain axis to exert an antidepressant effect through multiple pathways and targets. This review summarizes the main antidepressant chemical components of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine, their pharmacological mechanisms and clinical application, aiming to provide some reference for further development and clinical application of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine.
- volatile oil /
- antidepressant /
- active ingredient /
- mechanism of action

HTML全文

表 1 挥发油中主要的单萜类化合物

序号	成分	植物来源	分子式	CAS号	作用机制	参考文献
1	芳樟醇	薰衣草	C₁₀H₁₈O	78-70-6	增加PKA和CREB磷酸化	[5,9]
2	柠檬烯	甜橙，薰衣草，佛手柑	C₁₀H₁₆	138-86-3	降低单胺递质水平，下调BDNF	[10]
3	薄荷醇	薄荷	C₁₀H₂₀O	2216-51-5	作用于GABA，5-HT，多巴胺能系统	[11]
4	香叶醇	天竺葵，柠檬草	C₁₀H₁₈O	106-24-1	影响PI3K/Akt和PKA信号通路	[12]
5	紫苏醛	紫苏	C₁₀H₁₄O	18031-40-8	增加单胺神经递质，上调BDNF/TrkB表达	[13]
6	β-罗勒烯	罗勒	C₁₀H₁₆	13877-91-3	影响PI3K/Akt和PKA信号通路	[12]
7	桉油精	柠檬草，迷迭香	C₁₀H₁₈O	470-82-6	影响GABA/BZ受体	[14−15]
8	α-蒎烯	松针，薰衣草，柑橘	C₁₀H₁₆	7785-70-8	上调钙结合蛋白，作用于GABA能神经元	[16]
9	樟脑	鼠尾草，薰衣草	C₁₀H₁₆O	464-48-2	作用于多巴胺能，去甲肾上腺素能系统	[17−18]
10	麝香草酚	牛至，百里香	C₁₀H₁₄O	89-83-8	上调中枢神经递质水平和抑制NLRP3表达	[19−20]
PKA：蛋白激酶A；CREB：环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白；GABA：γ-氨基丁酸；PI3K：磷酸肌醇3-激酶；Akt：蛋白激酶B；TRKB：原肌球蛋白受体激酶B；BZ：苯二氮䓬类；NLRP3：NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3

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表 2 挥发油中主要的倍半萜化合物

序号	成分	植物来源	分子式	CAS号	作用机制	参考文献
1	β-石竹烯	峨参，迷迭香	C₁₅H₂₄	87-44-5	上调 5-HT_1A，增加5-HT含量	[21,24]
2	广藿香醇	广藿香	C₁₅H₂₆O	5986-55-0	提高脑内多巴胺水平	[25]
3	α-kessyl alcohol	缬草	C₁₅H₂₆O₂	3321-65-1	尚不明确	[26]
4	β-榄香烯	红椿, 天女玉兰	C₁₅H₂₄	515-13-9	增加5-HT含量，增加脑组织中BDNF和5-HT_1A表达	[23,27]
5	δ-杜松烯	丁香蒲桃，刺果峨参	C₁₅H₂₄	483-76-1	尚不明确	[26]
5-HT_1A：5-羟色胺受体1A；BDNF：脑源性神经营养因子

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表 3 具有抗抑郁作用的中药挥发油

植物	挥发油的主要成分	动物模型	行为学测试	给药方式	作用机制
薰衣草	芳樟醇、乙酸芳樟醇、月桂烯、4-松油^[15]	CUMS大鼠	SPT FST	吸入	抑制电压依赖性钙通道，激活PKA和MAPK等激酶，激活转录因子CREB，改善神经可塑性^[9,48]
紫苏	紫苏醛、1,4-桉叶醇、乙醛、缩二乙醇、D-柠檬烯、桉树醇^[61]	CUMS大鼠	SPT FST	吸入	增加海马区和大脑皮层中的5-HT、DA、 NE递质水平，并上调BDNF/TrkB通路^[13]
紫苏	紫苏醛、1,4-桉叶醇、乙醛、缩二乙醇、D-柠檬烯、桉树醇^[61]	CUMS小鼠	SPT TST FST	吸入	逆转CUMS小鼠海马5-HT和5-HIAA的变化，降低IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平^[55]
佛手	柠檬烯、芳樟醇、乙酸芳樟酯^[15]	CUMS大鼠	SPT OFT	灌胃	调节脑内神经递质、抑制 HPA轴亢进、促进BDNF产生、抗氧化应激、抗炎^[43]
肉桂	反式肉桂醛、β-姜黄酮、邻肉桂醛二乙缩醛和邻甲氧基肉桂醛^[31]	CUMS大鼠	SPT OFT	灌胃	抗氧化，抑制NF-κB/NLRP3激活和降低环氧合酶-2^[54]
藏红花	苯乙醇、2-(2-羟基丙氧基)-1-丙醇、2- (3-氧-2-戊基环戊基)乙酸甲酯、1,3,3- 三甲基-2-(2-甲基-环丙基)-环己烯、番红花醛^[46]	CUMS小鼠	OFT SPT TST FST	吸入	调节MAPK-CREB1-BDNF信号通路^[46] 降低TNF-α、IFN-γ及IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12、IL-17a水平^[57]
荆芥	薄荷酮、胡薄荷酮^[56]	CUMS小鼠	SPT FST TST	灌胃	抑制NLRP3炎症小体和小胶质细胞激活，抑制神经炎症；显著下调海马部位ASC、Caspase-1蛋白表达，抑制细胞焦亡^[56]
大蒜	二烯丙基二硫、二烯丙基二硫醚和二烯丙基三硫醚^[60]	CUMS大鼠	OFT SPT	灌胃	调节SCFAs浓度，影响肠屏障功能和肠道微生物^[60]
石菖蒲	α-细辛醚、β-细辛醚、甲基丁香酚、榄香素^[62]	CUMS大鼠	OFT	灌胃	降低血清中促炎因子含量，增加中脑及纹状体中5-HT、5-HIAA和DA的含量^[62,63]
薄荷	L-薄荷醇、左旋薄荷酮^[64]	CUMS小鼠	FST OFT SLT	灌胃	升高海马体中NE和5-HT浓度，抑制IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α表达^[64]
积雪草	石竹烯、法呢醇、榄香烯、长叶烯^[65]	利血平抑郁大鼠模型	ESCT	灌胃	降低单胺氧化酶活性，抑制血清CORT升高，增强单胺类神经递质功能^[65]
苍艾	丁子香酚、1，8-桉叶素、广藿香醇、乙酰丁香酚、芳樟醇、乙酸芳樟醇、β-石竹烯、萜品烯-4-醇、α-松油醇^[66]	CUMS大鼠	TST FST SPT	吸入	调节DA和5-HT代谢，抑制色氨酸降解以及抑制小胶质细胞炎症^[66,67]
沉香	柏木脑、α-布藜烯、α-柏木烯、广藿香萜醇^[68]	CUMS小鼠	TST FST	吸入腹腔注射	调控5-HT、GABAA、Glu神经递质水平以及其受体及转运体蛋白GluR1、VGluT1表达^[69] 降低HPA轴下游ACTH和CORT浓度^[41]
牛至	麝香草酚、γ-萜品烯、冰片醇、半胱氨酸、香芹酚^[70]	CUMS大鼠	SPT FST	腹腔注射	抑制单胺神经递质再摄取和降解^[70]
迷迭香	树脑、樟脑、α-蒎烯、莰烯、α-松油醇^[71]	dl -4-氯苯丙氨酸诱导失眠模型	OFT	灌胃	上调5-HT1A受体表达，增加5-HT，GA， DA水平^[24]
广藿香	广藿香醇、δ-愈创木烯、α-古芸烯、 β-石竹烯、β-广藿香^[72]	CUMS大鼠和CMS小鼠	SPT FST TST	腹腔注射	抑制NLRP3炎症小体和小胶质细胞活化^[58]
CUMS:慢性不可预知温和应激；SPT：糖水偏好试验；FST：强迫游泳试验；TST：悬尾实验；OFT：旷场试验；ESCT：电刺激角膜试验

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