Research progress on quality control methods for monitoring illicit drugs use in wastewater
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摘要:
采用污水分析法，即污水流行病学，对各个国家及地区毒品和药物滥用情况进行评估与监控现已在国内外得到了广泛的应用。但是目前缺乏有效的评价方法和比较、监督、规范的有效途径，不利于不同国家、地区毒情的分析及比较。质量控制技术能够控制实验室的分析误差，保障鉴定结论的一致性和可比性，推动城市毒品治理水平和治理能力的进一步提升，具有重要意义。本文就污水分析过程中的样品采集、样品保存和运输、实验室检测、毒品消耗量反算模型和实验室外部质量控制进行了综述，以期探索更加全面的适合在实验室之间进行污水中毒品的定性定量分析能力考察和评价的科学、客观的方法和途径。
Abstract:The use of wastewater analysis, or wastewater-based epidemiology, to assess and monitor the situation of drug abuse is now widely used at home and abroad. However, there is currently a lack of effective evaluation methods and effective ways of comparison, supervision and standardization, which is not conducive to the analysis and comparisons of data in different countries and regions. Quality control techniques can control the laboratory's analytical errors, safeguard the consistency and comparability of identification conclusions, and promote the further improvement of the level and capacity of urban drug governance, thus playing significant roles. This paper provides an overview of sample collection, sample preservation and transportation, laboratory analysis, back-calculation of drug use and external laboratory quality control in the process of wastewater analysis, with a view to exploring more comprehensive scientific and objective methods and approaches suitable for examining and evaluating qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in wastewater among laboratories.
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Keywords:
- wastewater analysis /
- wastewater-based epidemiology /
- illicit drugs /
- drug abuse /
- quality control
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表 1 滥用物质在不同条件下的降解情况
滥用物质 稳定性 参考文献 可替宁 在22 ℃下可以保持低于20%的转化率约3周，−20 ℃下可以保持6个月，具有高度稳定性 [22] 3,4-亚甲二氧基苯丙胺（MDA） 在pH 7.4，19或20 ℃的条件下，未过滤的污水转化率<10%；
在4 ℃和20 ℃下，72 h内转化率<10%；
在 −20 ℃下，123 d内转化率<30%；
在4 ℃下储存可稳定14 d[30−31] 3,4-亚甲二氧基-N-乙基安非他明（MDEA） 在pH 7.4，19 ℃的条件下，未过滤的污水转化率<10%；
在4 ℃和20 ℃下24 h内转化率<10%；
在−20 ℃下，123 d内降解率<20%[30] 海洛因 在2 ℃和19 ℃下12 h后降解率分别为66%和79% [32] 吗啡 在未过滤的污水中损失高达50%（19 ℃, pH 7.4）；
在−20 ℃下，3、7、17、27 d的降解率<20%；
在4 ℃下，3 d增加＞20%（其他物质的转化产物）[30,33] 羟考酮 在−20 ℃下，3、7、17、27、123 d的降解率<10%；
在 19 ℃，pH 7.4 的未过滤污水中，转化率小于 20%[30,32] 芬太尼 在室温下过滤后的污水降解<10%；
在pH 7.4，2 ℃条件下未过滤的污水72 h损失小于20%，但在19 ℃下损失62%[30,32] 氯胺酮、去甲氯胺酮 在20 ℃，pH 7.5条件下未过滤的污水转化率小于10% [30] 
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表 2 用于反向计算的毒品/药物代谢目标分析物、排泄百分比及校正因子
毒品/药物 毒品/药物代谢
目标分析物排泄百分比/% 校正因子 参考文献 可卡因 苯甲酰爱康宁 45 2.33 [62] 苯甲酰爱康宁 35 3.1 [63] 苯甲酰爱康宁 32.5 3.2 [64] 可卡因 7.5 13 [64] 甲基苯丙胺 甲基苯丙胺 43 2.3 [62] 甲基苯丙胺 39 2.6 [63] 甲基苯丙胺 33 4.06 [64] MDMA MDMA 65 1.5 [62] MDMA 15 6.7 [63] 可待因 可待因 70 1.4 [64] 可待因 63.8 1.6 [64] 美沙酮 EDDP 25 3.28 [65] 美沙酮 27.5 3.6 [64] 氯胺酮 氯胺酮 3 3.3 [64] 去甲氯胺酮 1.6 65 [64] 海洛因 吗啡 42 3.1 [62, 65] 大麻 THC-COOH 0.6 152 [62, 65] 麻黄碱 麻黄碱 75 1.3 [62] 安非他明 安非他明 30 3.3 [62] 羟考酮 羟考酮 14 221 [64] 吗氯贝胺 吗氯贝胺 1 100 [66] 米氮平 米氮平 4 25 [66] 奥匹哌醇 奥匹哌醇 10 10 [66] 文拉法辛 文拉法辛 4.7 21 [66] 文拉法辛 10.4 9.62 [67] 西酞普兰 西酞普兰 20 5 [66] 西酞普兰 38 2.63 [67] 阿米替林 阿米替林 1 100 [66] 丙咪嗪 丙咪嗪 5 20 [66] 氯丙咪嗪 氯丙咪嗪 1 100 [66] 曲马多 曲马多 30 3.3 [67]
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